Righteousness
What does it truly mean to be "righteous" in a world of varying moral standards? While many associate the term with strict religious adherence or flawless behavior, the biblical perspective offers a different narrative. This article explores the true meaning of righteousness.
Defining righteousness
The term "righteousness" has deep linguistic roots:
William Tyndale (Bible translator into English in 1526) remodelled the word after an earlier word rihtwis, which would have yielded modern English rightwise or rightways. He used it to translate the Hebrew root צדק (tzadik), which appears over five hundred times in the Hebrew Bible, and the Greek word δίκαιος (dikaios), which appears more than two hundred times in the New Testament. — Wikipedia
Many Christians define righteousness (right ways) as:
Righteousness is right standing, or good standing with God.
It does not mean human "perfection." You are righteous because God says you are.
But how does the Bible define "righteousness?"
Biblical Definition
The first time "righteousness" appear in the Bible:
Noah was a righteous man:
- blameless in his generation.
- Noah walked with God.
— Genesis 6:9 (ESV)
Blameless
It is not possible to be in right standing with anyone if there are still unforgiven violations between the parties. The apostle Peter call violations against God: "sin" (1 John 3:4). Jesus implied that those who have not yet repented from their sin are not righteous:
I have not come to call the righteous but sinners to repentance.” — Luke 5:32
Walking with God
Misconceptions about righteousness
Some people think that you need to keep every law to be righteous. It also seems that Jesus affirm this interpretation when he said:
The Son of Man will send his angels, and they will gather out of his kingdom all causes of sin and all law-breakers, and throw them into the fiery furnace. In that place there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.
Then the righteous will shine like the sun in the kingdom of their Father. He who has ears, let him hear.
— Matthew 13:41-43
However in contrast the apostle Paul wrote:
If righteousness comes through the law, then Christ died in vain. -- Galatians 2:21 (NKJV)
Paul explains how righteousness is attained:
All have sinned and fall short of the glory of God, and are justified by his grace as a gift, through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, whom God put forward as a propitiation by his blood, to be received by faith. — Romans 3:23-25 (ESV)
Therefore both Jesus and Paul affirm that without faith in God, no one can be righteous.
Justification by faith
Paul used the example of Abraham to illustrate this point. Abraham's belief in God was "counted to him as righteousness" long before the formal law was established:
For the promise to Abraham and his offspring that he would be heir of the world did not come through the law but through the righteousness of faith. For if it is the adherents of the law who are to be the heirs, faith is null and the promise is void. For the law brings wrath, but where there is no law there is no transgression.
That is why it depends on faith, in order that the promise may rest on grace and be guaranteed to all his offspring — not only to the adherent of the law but also to the one who shares the faith of Abraham, who is the father of us all, as it is written,
“I have made you the father of many nations”
in the presence of the God in whom he believed, who gives life to the dead and calls into existence the things that do not exist. In hope he believed against hope, that he should become the father of many nations, as he had been old,
“So shall your offspring be.”
He did not weaken in faith when he considered his own body, which was as good as dead (since he was about a hundred years old), or when he considered the barrenness of Sarah’s womb. No unbelief made him waver concerning the promise of God, but he grew strong in his faith as he gave glory to God, fully convinced that God was able to do what he had promised. That is why his faith was “counted to him as righteousness.”
But the words “it was counted to him” were not written for his sake alone, but for ours also. It will be counted to us who believe in Him Who raised from the dead Jesus our Lord, who was delivered up for our trespasses and raised for our justification.
Therefore, since we have been justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ. Through him we have also obtained access by faith into this grace in which we stand, and we rejoice in hope of the glory of God. — Romans 4:13-5:2
Freedom from the law
Paul consistently contrasts righteousness through faith with the attempt to achieve it through observing the law. He explained to the Galatians that a person is not justified by works of the law but through faith in Jesus Christ. He argued that if righteousness could come through the law,then Christ's death would have been in vain.
I do not nullify the grace of God, for if righteousness were through the law, then Christ died for no purpose. — Galatians 2:21 (ESV)
Similarly, in his letter to Titus, Paul noted that salvation is not based on righteous things people have done, but on God's mercy. This new life is granted through the washing of regeneration and renewal by the Holy Spirit.
... he saved us, not because of the righteous things we had done, but because of his mercy. He washed away our sins, giving us a new birth and new life through the Holy Spirit. -- Titus 3:5 (NLT)
Paul's explanation to the Corinthians:
God has united you with Christ Jesus. For our benefit God made him to be wisdom itself. Christ made us right with God; he made us pure and holy, and he freed us from sin. -- 1 Corinthians 1:30 (NLT)
For God was in Christ, reconciling the world to himself, no longer counting people's sins against them. For God made Christ, who never sinned, to be the offering for our sin, so that we could be made right with God through Christ. -- 2 Corinthians 5:19,21 (NLT)
Paul's explanation to the Galatians:
Yet we know that a person is made right with God by faith in Jesus Christ, not by obeying the law. And we have believed in Christ Jesus, so that we might be made right with God because of our faith in Christ, not because we have obeyed the law. For no one will ever be made right with God by obeying the law." -- Galatians 2:16 (NLT)
The prophet Habakkuk also wrote:
The just shall live by his faith -- Habakkuk 2:4 (NKJV)
Trusting God
Having faith in God means to trust God. When individuals trust in God's provision and authority, they move away from trying to live independently of Him. Many temptations are presented as alternative solutions to problems, encouraging independence from God, which leads to sin. However, trusting God allows for triumph over these challenges.
For if, because of one man's trespass, death reigned through that one man, much more will those who receive the abundance of grace and the free gift of righteousness reign in life through the one man Jesus Christ. — Romans 5:17 (ESV)
Righteousness is a "gift" received when one is reconciled with the Father. It is not something humans can achieve through their own capacity or save themselves.
For with the heart one believes and is justified, and with the mouth one confesses and is saved. — Romans 10:10 (ESV)
The reward of the righteous
Jesus taught:
“Whoever receives you receives me, and whoever receives me receives him who sent me.
The one who receives a prophet because he is a prophet will receive a prophet’s reward, and the one who receives a righteous person because he is a righteous person will receive a righteous person’s reward. And whoever gives one of these little ones even a cup of cold water because he is a disciple, truly, I say to you, he will by no means lose his reward.”
— Matthew 10:40-42 (ESV)
And a few chapters later, Jesus expanded on this teaching:
“When the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all the angels with him, then he will sit on his glorious throne. Before him will be gathered all the nations, and he will separate people one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats. And he will place the sheep on his right, but the goats on the left.
Then the King will say to those on his right, ‘Come, you who are blessed by my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world. For I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me drink, I was a stranger and you welcomed me, I was naked and you clothed me, I was sick and you visited me, I was in prison and you came to me.’
Then the righteous will answer him, saying, ‘Lord, when did we see you hungry and feed you, or thirsty and give you drink? And when did we see you a stranger and welcome you, or naked and clothe you? And when did we see you sick or in prison and visit you?’
And the King will answer them, ‘Truly, I say to you, as you did it to one of the least of these my brothers, you did it to me.’
Then he will say to those on his left, ‘Depart from me, you cursed, into the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels. For I was hungry and you gave me no food, I was thirsty and you gave me no drink, I was a stranger and you did not welcome me, naked and you did not clothe me, sick and in prison and you did not visit me.’
Then they also will answer, saying, ‘Lord, when did we see you hungry or thirsty or a stranger or naked or sick or in prison, and did not minister to you?’
Then he will answer them, saying, ‘Truly, I say to you, as you did not do it to one of the least of these, you did not do it to me.’
And these will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life.”
— Matthew 25:31-46
God's righteous nature
While believers receive righteousness, God Himself is the embodiment of righteousness. In this context, it signifies that God is always just, fair, and upright. Jesus addressed God as "righteous Father" (John 17:25), and Moses taught that all of God's ways are justice.
The Rock, His work is perfect, for all His ways are justice. A God of faithfulness and without iniquity, just and upright is He. — Deuteronomy 32:4 (ESV)
The biblical records consistently affirm God's fair nature.
But the LORD sits enthroned forever; He has established his throne for justice, and He judges the world with righteousness; He judges the peoples with uprightness. — Psalm 9:7-8 (ESV)
But the LORD of hosts is exalted in justice, and the Holy God shows Himself holy in righteousness. — Isaiah 5:16 (ESV)
Therefore the LORD has kept ready the calamity and has brought it upon us, for the LORD our God is righteous in all the works that he has done, and we have not obeyed his voice. — Daniel 9:14 (ESV)
Proof of Righteousness
Many religious people fake a righteous living like the pharisees:
“Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you are like whitewashed tombs, which outwardly appear beautiful, but within are full of dead people’s bones and all uncleanness. So you also outwardly appear righteous to others, but within you are full of hypocrisy and lawlessness. — Matthew 23:27-28 (ESV)
In other words, they are not in right standing with God because they are still full of unforgiven sin (hypocrisy and lawlessness).
Righteousness is therefore not measurable by outward appearances. According to Paul, you know you are righteous when you are led by the Spirit of God:
For if you live according to the flesh you will die,
but if by the Spirit you put to death the deeds of the body, you will live.
For all who are led by the Spirit of God are sons of God. For you did not receive the spirit of slavery to fall back into fear, but you have received the Spirit of adoption as sons, by whom we cry, “Abba! Father!”
The Spirit Himself bears witness with our spirit that we are children of God, and if children, then heirs — heirs of God and fellow heirs with Christ, provided we suffer with him in order that we may also be glorified with him.
— Romans 8:13-17
How does a person behave that is "led by the Spirit of God"?
But I say, walk by the Spirit, and you will not gratify the desires of the flesh. For the desires of the flesh are against the Spirit, and the desires of the Spirit are against the flesh, for these are opposed to each other, to keep you from doing the things you want to do.
But if you are led by the Spirit, you are not under the law.
Now the works of the flesh are evident: sexual immorality, impurity, sensuality, idolatry, sorcery, enmity, strife, jealousy, fits of anger, rivalries, dissensions, divisions, envy, drunkenness, orgies, and things like these. I warn you, as I warned you before, that those who do such things will not inherit the kingdom of God.
But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control; against such things there is no law. And those who belong to Christ Jesus have crucified the flesh with its passions and desires.
If we live by the Spirit, let us also keep in step with the Spirit.
— Galatians 5:16-25
The apostle John also confirm this teaching:
Everyone who makes a practice of sinning also practices lawlessness; sin is lawlessness. You know that he appeared in order to take away sins, and in him there is no sin. No one who abides in him keeps on sinning; no one who keeps on sinning has either seen him or known him. Little children, let no one deceive you.
Whoever practices righteousness is righteous, as he is righteous.
Whoever makes a practice of sinning is of the devil, for the devil has been sinning from the beginning.
The reason the Son of God appeared was to destroy the works of the devil.
No one born of God makes a practice of sinning, for God’s seed abides in him; and he cannot keep on sinning, because he has been born of God.
By this it is evident who are the children of God, and who are the children of the devil: whoever does not practice righteousness is not of God, nor is the one who does not love his brother.
For this is the message that you have heard from the beginning, that we should love one another.
— 1 John 3:4-11 (ESV)
Power of Righteousness
James wrote:
Therefore, confess your sins to one another and pray for one another, that you may be healed. The prayer of a righteous person has great power as it is working. — James 5:16 (ESV)
This is also aligned with Peter's teaching:
Finally, all of you, have unity of mind, sympathy, brotherly love, a tender heart, and a humble mind.
Do not repay evil for evil or reviling for reviling, but on the contrary, bless, for to this you were called, that you may obtain a blessing. For
“Whoever desires to love life and see good days, let him keep his tongue from evil and his lips from speaking deceit; let him turn away from evil and do good; let him seek peace and pursue it.
For the eyes of the Lord are on the righteous, and his ears are open to their prayer.
But the face of the Lord is against those who do evil.” — Psalm 34:12-16
— 1 Peter 3:8-12 (ESV)
The Righteous are Hated by the World
Instead of a quick altar call or sinner's payer, righteouness is a lifestyle change.
Therefore John warns:
We should not be like Cain, who was of the evil one and murdered his brother. And why did he murder him?
Because his own deeds were evil and his brother’s righteous.
Do not be surprised, brothers, that the world hates you.
— 1 John 3:12-13 (ESV)
However, God also protects the righteous.
Protection of the Righteous
In Genesis 18:23-32 Abraham reasoned with God about the destruction of Sodom. God made it clear that He is even willing to spare a wicked city of the sake of 10 righteous people:
Then he Abraham said, “Oh let not the Lord be angry, and I will speak again but this once. Suppose ten are found there.”
He God answered, “For the sake of ten I will not destroy it.”
— Genesis 18:32
Job wrote:
“Behold, God is mighty, and does not despise any;
He is mighty in strength of understanding.
He does not keep the wicked alive, but gives the afflicted their right.
He does not withdraw His eyes from the righteous,
but with kings on the throne he sets them forever, and they are exalted.
— Job 36:5-7 (ESV)
King David wrote:
But let all who take refuge in You rejoice; let them ever sing for joy, and spread Your protection over them, that those who love Your name may exult in You.
For You bless the righteous, O LORD; You cover him with favor as with a shield.
— Psalm 5:11-12 (ESV)
Conclusion
Righteousness is a multifaceted concept that defines both the nature of God and the standing of the believer.
It is defined as a "right standing with God", which is attained through faith in God rather than human effort or adherence to the law. This freedom from legalism allows individuals to trust God so that they may be rewarded by His mercy.
It also places an obligation on us to look after the body of Christ as they are the "righteous" (special to God).